The profit principle will provide some valuable clarification on whether mahjong games should be allowed or punished

When does playing mahjong become gambling? Police in Wuhan, Hubei province, have an answer. Wuhan police say that when relatives play mahjong, no matter how high the stakes are, it does not qualify as gambling. Similarly, if fewer than 10 people not related to each other play mahjong, and if the average individual stake is less than 1,000 yuan ($145; 126 euros; ￡111), it cannot be deemed gambling. Outside these criteria, all other mahjong games will be considered gambling and the players will be duly punished.

Police officers dealing with gambling cases always cause controversy because many people think they use weird rules to differentiate between recreation and gambling when it comes to playing mahjong.

In their judicial interpretation of the Criminal Law, the Supreme People's Court and Supreme People's Procuratorate have laid emphasis on the relationship between the participants and the amount of money at stake, which means gambling is not necessarily a criminal act on the Chinese mainland. The Wuhan police's explanation is based on this interpretation.

But gamblers and people running gambling rackets could be imprisoned for up to three years. Most of the gamblers caught by police, however, are fined up to 3,000 yuan ($445; 385 euros; ￡340) each and detained for 10 to 15 days.

Some form of gambling, be it bets between individuals or organized lotteries, exists in every society. That is why many countries have not banned gambling activities in general, and only prohibited commercial gambling.

Some countries regard commercial gambling as an industry that needs special administrative approvals and must pay special taxes. However, even these countries know gambling activities have to be regulated and the industry supervised in such a way that it can contribute to economic growth.

The Chinese government is not against gambling as long as it is for public benefit. For example, it allows the lottery industry to operate in a bid to raise public welfare funds. So the law enforcement agencies need to emphasize that commercial gambling will be considered illegal if it is solely aimed at making profits. If playing games or laying bets is not profit-oriented, law enforcers will not intervene.

The question, then is, how to tell the difference between commercial and noncommercial gambling, and when can commercial gambling be deemed illegal?

First, the law enforcers should determine whether the purpose of gambling is only to make money. If yes, it is illegal. Second, if a large number of people gather to gamble and their common purpose is just to make money, their activity should be deemed illegal. Third, if people make gambling and betting a livelihood, their behavior should be regarded as illegal. And fourth, if those organizing an activity intentionally create an environment for many people to lay bets in any form, their act should be considered illegal.

So long as a gambling activity's aim is solely to make money, law enforcement agencies and judicial authorities should not consider how much stake was involved to deem it illegal. In other words, law enforcement agencies and judicial authorities can save a lot of time and energy if they focus on the purpose of gambling activities.

Playing mahjong or any other game with friends and/or relatives for recreation should not be considered illegal.

The author is a professor of law at Wuhan-based Zhongnan University of Economics and Law. The views do not necessarily reflect those of China Daily.

For China Daily

(China Daily European Weekly 07/21/2017 page12)