Over the past two years, COVID-19 has presented many challenges to global food security. Today, what is happening in Russia and Ukraine adds another significant challenge. Russia and Ukraine play a substantial role in the global food production and supply. Russia is the world's largest exporter of wheat, and Ukraine is the fifth-largest. Together, they provide 19 percent of the world's barley supply, 14 percent of wheat, and 4 percent of maize, accounting for more than one-third of global cereal exports. They are also lead suppliers of rapeseed and account for 52 percent of the world's sunflower oil export market. The global fertilizer supply is also highly concentrated, with Russia as the lead producer.

Supply chain and logistical disruptions to Ukrainian and Russian grain and oilseed production and restrictions on Russia's exports will have significant food security repercussions. This is especially true for some 50 countries that depend on Russia and Ukraine for 30 percent or more of their wheat supply. Many of them are least developed countries or low-income, food-deficit countries in Northern Africa, Asia and the Near East. Many European and Central Asian countries rely on Russia for over 50 percent of their fertilizer supply, and shortages there could extend to next year.

Food prices, already on the rise since the second half of 2020, reached an all-time high in February 2022 due to high demand, input and transportation costs, and port disruptions. Global prices of wheat and barley, for example, rose 31 percent over the course of 2021. Rapeseed oil and sunflower oil prices rose more than 60 percent. High demand and volatile natural gas prices have also driven up fertilizer costs. For instance, the price of urea, a key nitrogen fertilizer, has increased more than threefold in the past 12 months.

The intensity and duration of the conflict in Ukraine remain uncertain. The likely disruptions to agricultural activities of these two major exporters of staple commodities could seriously escalate food insecurity globally, when international food and input prices are already high and volatile. The conflict could also constrain agricultural production and purchasing power in Ukraine, leading to increased food insecurity locally.

Cereal crops will be ready for harvest in June. Whether farmers in Ukraine will be able to harvest them and deliver them to the market is unclear. Massive population displacement has reduced the number of agricultural laborers and workers. Accessing agricultural fields will be difficult. Rearing livestock and poultry and producing fruits and vegetables will be constrained as well.

The Ukrainian ports on the Black Sea have shuttered. Even if inland transportation infrastructure remains intact, shipping grain by rail will be impossible because of the lack of an operational railway system. Vessels can still transit through the Turkish Straits, a critical trade juncture through which a large amount of wheat and maize shipments pass. But rising insurance premiums for the Black Sea region will exacerbate the already high costs of shipping, compounding the costs of food imports. And, whether storage and processing facilities will remain intact and staffed is also still unclear.

The Russian ports on the Black Sea are open for now, and no major disruption to agricultural production is expected in the short term. However, the financial sanctions against Russia have caused an important depreciation which, if continued, could undermine productivity and growth and ultimately further elevate agricultural production costs.

Russia is a major player in the global energy market, accounting for 18 percent of global coal exports, 11 percent of oil and 10 percent of gas. Agriculture requires energy through fuel, gas, electricity use, as well as fertilizers, pesticides and lubricants. Manufacturing feed ingredients and feedstuffs also require energy. The current conflict has caused energy prices to surge, with negative consequences on the agriculture sector.

Wheat is a staple food for over 35 percent of the world's population, and the current conflict could result in a sudden and steep reduction in wheat exports from both Russia and Ukraine. It is still unclear whether other exporters would be able to fill this gap. Wheat inventories are already running low in Canada, and exports from the United States, Argentina and other countries are likely to be limited as their governments will try to ensure the domestic supply.

Countries reliant on wheat imports are likely to ramp up imports, adding further pressure on global supplies. Egypt, Turkey, Bangladesh and Iran are the top global wheat importers, buying more than 60 percent of their wheat from Russia and Ukraine, and all of them have outstanding imports. Lebanon, Tunisia, Yemen, Libya and Pakistan also rely heavily on the two countries for their wheat supply. The global maize trade is likely to shrink due to expectations that the export loss from Ukraine will not be filled by other exporters and because of high prices.

Export prospects for sunflower oil and other alternative oils also remain uncertain. Major sunflower oil importers, including India, the European Union, China, Iran and Turkey, must find other suppliers or other vegetable oils, which could have a spill-over effect on palm, soy and rapeseed oils, for example.

Every effort should be made to protect the production and marketing activities needed to meet domestic and global demand. Supply chains should keep moving, which means protecting standing crops, livestock, food processing infrastructure, and all the logistical systems.

Countries dependent on food imports from Russia and Ukraine need to look for alternative suppliers to help them absorb the shocks. They should also rely on existing food stocks and diversify their domestic production to ensure people's access to healthy diets.

Governments need to expand their social safety nets to protect vulnerable people. In Ukraine, international organizations must step in to help reach people in need. Across the globe, many more people will be pushed into poverty and hunger because of the conflict, and we must provide timely and well-targeted social protection programs to them.

Before enacting any measures to secure food supply, governments must consider their potential effects on international markets. Reductions in import tariffs or the use of export restrictions could help resolve individual country's food security challenges in the short term, but they will drive up prices on global markets.

More transparency and information on global market conditions can help governments and investors make informed decisions when agricultural commodity markets are volatile. Initiatives such as the G20's Agricultural Market Information System increases such transparency by providing objective and timely market assessments.

The author is the director-general of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. The author contributed this article to China Watch, a think tank powered by China Daily. The views do not necessarily reflect those of China Daily.

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