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WHO:2012年全球700萬人死于空氣污染

Air pollution killed seven million people in 2012: WHO

中國日報網(wǎng) 2014-03-25 16:50

 

WHO:2012年全球700萬人死于空氣污染

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Air pollution by sources ranging from cooking fires to auto fumes contributed to an estimated seven million deaths worldwide in 2012, the UN health agency has said.

"Air pollution, and we're talking about both indoors and outdoors, is now the biggest environmental health problem, and it's affecting everyone, both developed and developing countries," said Maria Neira, the World Health Organisation's public and environmental health chief.

Globally, pollution was linked to one death in eight in 2012, new WHO research found.

The biggest pollution-related killers were heart disease, stroke, pulmonary disease and lung cancer.

The hardest-hit regions of the globe were what the WHO labels Southeast Asia, which includes India and Indonesia, and the Western Pacific, ranging from China and South Korea to Japan and the Philippines.

Together, they accounted for 5.9 million deaths.

The global death toll included 4.3 million deaths due to indoor air pollution, chiefly caused by cooking over coal, wood and biomass stoves.

The toll from outdoor pollution was 3.7 million, with sources ranging from coal heating fires to diesel engines.

Many people are exposed to both indoor and outdoor pollution, the WHO said, and due to that overlap the separate death toll attributed to the two sources cannot simply be added together, hence the figure of seven million deaths.

The new figure is "shocking and worrying", Ms Neira told reporters.

When it last released an estimate for deaths related to air pollution, in 2008, the agency had put the figure related to outdoor pollution at 1.3 million, while the number blamed on indoor pollution was 1.9 million.

But a change in research methods makes comparison difficult between the 2008 estimate and the 2012 figures, Neira said.

In the past, for example, the WHO did not take into account the overlap between exposure to both forms, and only assessed urban pollution.

Satellite imagery has made it easier to assess rural pollution, and new knowledge about the health impact of exposure has enabled a better count.

"The risks from air pollution are now far greater than previously thought or understood, particularly for heart disease and strokes," said Neira.

"Few risks have a greater impact on global health today than air pollution. The evidence signals the need for concerted action to clean up the air we all breathe."

According to the WHO, some 2.9 billion people in poor nations live in homes that use fires as their principle method of cooking and heating.

Carlos Dora, the WHO's public and environmental health coordinator, said that turned homes into "combustion chambers".

Simple measures to stem the impact include so-called "clean cook stoves", which are a low-tech option, as well as improved ventilation, he said.

Countries also need to rethink policies, Mr Dora said, pointing to the impact in the developed world of a shift to cleaner power sources, more efficient management of energy demand, and technical strides in the auto industry.

He also said transport policies needed a shake-up.

With air pollution having sparked a recent scare in France, leading to restrictions on car use and the temporary scrapping of public transport fees in Paris, Mr Dora said such measures could be applied in the longer term.

"You can't buy clean air in a bottle," he said.

"The air is a shared resource. In order to breathe clean air, we have to have interventions in the areas that pollute air."

The WHO said it planned by the end of this year to release a ranking of the world's 1,600 most polluted cities.

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世界衛(wèi)生組織表示,據(jù)估計由于油煙與汽車尾氣引起的空氣污染在2012年導(dǎo)致了全世界700萬人死亡。

“空氣污染,無論室內(nèi)與室外的,都成為了當(dāng)前最大的環(huán)境健康問題。它影響著每一個人,無論是發(fā)展中國家還是發(fā)達(dá)國家,”世界衛(wèi)生組織公共環(huán)境健康主管Maria Neira說。

世界衛(wèi)生組織最新報告顯示,2012年全球死去的每八個人中就有一名死因與污染有關(guān)。

與污染相關(guān)的最大殺手是心臟病、中風(fēng)、呼吸疾病和肺癌。

世界衛(wèi)生組織認(rèn)為最嚴(yán)重的地區(qū)是東南亞,包括印度、印度尼西亞,還有西太平洋地區(qū),從中國、韓國一直到日本、菲律賓。

據(jù)統(tǒng)計,該地區(qū)死亡人數(shù)達(dá)到590萬人。

全世界有430萬人死于室內(nèi)空氣污染,主要來源為煤爐、木頭燃燒和生物質(zhì)爐灶。

全世界死于戶外污染的有370萬人,污染源為工業(yè)用煤和柴油機(jī)。

世界衛(wèi)生組織說,有很多人同時暴露在室內(nèi)污染與室外污染下,由于各自的死亡人數(shù)有相互交疊的部分,因此并不能簡單相加,因此得出的數(shù)據(jù)為700萬人。

Neira女士告訴記者,這個數(shù)字令人“震驚且憂慮”。

2008年世界衛(wèi)生組織發(fā)布空氣污染導(dǎo)致的死亡人數(shù)預(yù)測數(shù)據(jù)時,室外污染死亡人數(shù)為130萬,而室內(nèi)污染死亡人數(shù)為190萬人。

Neira說由于調(diào)查方法的改變,難以對2008年與2012年的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行比對。

例如,以前世界衛(wèi)生組織并沒有考慮室內(nèi)室外交叉的部分,并且只統(tǒng)計了城市污染的部分。

衛(wèi)星圖像使調(diào)查鄉(xiāng)村的污染變得更加容易,并且關(guān)于影響健康的風(fēng)險因素的新知識讓我們可以做一個更好的統(tǒng)計。

“空氣污染的危害遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過以前我們所知道的,尤其是對于心臟病與中風(fēng)。”Neira說。

“沒有什么會比空氣污染給全球健康帶來更大的危害。這些證據(jù)說明我們必須采取行動凈化我們的空氣。”

根據(jù)世界衛(wèi)生組織調(diào)查,貧困國家中大概有29億人在家里依舊使用柴火做飯取暖。

WHO公共環(huán)境健康協(xié)調(diào)員Carlos Dora說這樣會使家變成“燃燒的套房”。

改善這種情況的簡單辦法是所謂的“清潔灶”,這是一種低科技含量的選擇,也就是改進(jìn)的通風(fēng)設(shè)備,他說。

Dora先生說各國需要反思各自的政策,他指出了發(fā)達(dá)國家轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槭褂们鍧嵉膭恿δ茉?,對能源需求進(jìn)行更高效的管理,以及自動工業(yè)技術(shù)的提升的影響。

他說運輸政策也需要巨大的改變。

由于空氣污染在法國近期引發(fā)的恐慌,導(dǎo)致汽車限行與巴黎公共運輸費用的暫時廢除,他說這些措施可以長久地實施。

“你買不到一瓶干凈的空氣?!彼f。

“空氣是共有的資源。為了呼吸干凈的空氣,我們需要對污染空氣的地區(qū)采取措施。

世界衛(wèi)生組織說計劃在今年年底發(fā)布全球污染最嚴(yán)重的1600個城市名單。

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