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Armed commandoes cordoned off a medieval Hindu temple in southern India's Kerala state on Monday after gold coins and precious stones worth billions of dollars were found in its vaults.

Chief Minister of Kerala Oommen Chandy said local authorities needed to take precautions and had set up a three-tier security ring involving 100 armed police.

Surveillance will be in place around the clock, and security forces are setting up a special control center and looking at bringing in cameras.

"The treasure will be kept in the temple itself and Kerala police are taking over its security from temple staff," said Chandy, who valued the discovery at 500 billion rupees ($11.2 billion) on Saturday.

Five vaults of the Sree Padmanabhaswamy Temple in the capital of Kerala state, Thiruvananthapuram, were opened last week, yielding enormous quantities of gold and silver jewelry, coins and precious stones.

A sixth is set to be explored on Monday.

Retired Kerala High Court judge C.S. Rajan, who is part of a seven-member team named by India's Supreme Court to monitor the treasure hunt, estimated on Sunday that the valuables could be worth up to a trillion rupees ($22 billion).

"Its antique and archeological value has not yet been taken into account," he said.

A seventh vault reinforced with iron walls would be opened only after a fresh direction from India's top court, he said.

The Times of India said one ton of gold coins - some dating back to the era of French military leader Napoleon Bonaparte - as well as sacks full of diamonds and golden statues were among the artefacts discovered in the temple.

The state-run national conservation agency, the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), said it was stunned by the findings.

"Right now we are working in absolute darkness and we only know that fabulous treasure is pouring out," said ASI Director-General Gautam Sengupta.

"No archaeologist has ever experienced vault after vault being opened and treasures being discovered like this," Sengupta said, adding that many of the Hindu shrines across India were "very rich".

The discoveries have catapulted the Hindu shrine, renowned for its intricate sculptures, into the league of India's richest temples.

It was built hundreds of years ago by the king of Travancore and donations from devotees have been kept in the temple's seven vaults since.

Since India achieved independence from Britain in 1947, a trust managed by descendants of the Travancore royal family has controlled the temple.

Shashi Bhushan, a Thiruvananthapuram-based historian retired from Kerala University, told the Mint business newspaper that the treasure was likely to be "the proceeds of trade" from a nearby ancient trading center called Vizhinjam.

"They had a flourishing trade between various other kingdoms in India. Then there was revenue from various chiefdoms and local rulers," he told the newspaper.

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Todd Balazovic is a reporter for the Metro Section of China Daily. Born in Mineapolis Minnesota in the US, he graduated from Central Michigan University and has worked for the China Daily for one year.