According to Tynan's estimates, about 60 percent of the value of Chinese nuclear technology in the UK can be localized, and this includes many of the smaller and high technology components, like fixtures, fittings, valves and larger components that would support the nuclear island and turbine island.

However, some aspects of Chinese nuclear technology would need to be made in China or other places, since the UK does not currently have the expertise to manufacture them, including the reactor pressure vessel.

"AMRC can provide help to UK companies in the nuclear technology supply chain to understand the requirements of the Chinese nuclear technology so it can best supply it. As well, my team can help the Chinese nuclear firms understand the UK's nuclear regulatory requirements and how to satisfy them," Tynan says.

He says although Chinese nuclear technology is already cost effective in China, in the UK it will become cost effective by incorporating the UK's advanced technology into its supply chain.

The UK firms would need to be chosen to work with Chinese nuclear technology based on their strength, rather than simply expecting to be taken onboard, because there is political pressure for the Chinese nuclear firms to use the local supply chain, he says.

"The Chinese firms will pick the right components, meaning that UK suppliers need to be genuinely competitive on cost, on schedule and on quality - this is the prime base of competition because if and when Chinese reactors are being built here everyone will be confident that it's safe, compliant and to the highest standards," says Tynan.

Tynan says building a nuclear reactor in the UK is very different from elsewhere because the Generic Design Assessment process used to give approval to nuclear projects is based on asking nuclear firms to demonstrate why their technology is safe, rather than being rules based, which just demands certain criteria be met.

"In the UK, if a company claims its technology is safe, it needs to demonstrate why it is safe, and present all the arguments, justifications and qualifications to show that it is safe. International standards are rules based, compliance with which would not provide sufficient evidence for the UK nuclear regulator unless they were contained in a UK regulator-approved nuclear safety case."

But once the Chinese technology has been approved for the UK, Chinese companies can continue to work on many more projects in the UK and Chinese nuclear technology would also be in a better position to be exported to other parts of the world, he says.

"Chinese nuclear technology will play a role in global nuclear power. There is a massive market in China, and also Chinese firms will develop technology for the rest of the world. If UK firms become a successful partner, it opens up opportunities over time worth billions of pounds," he says.

Tynan says that he believes Chinese third generation nuclear technology has quality and safety equal to that of all the other third generation nuclear technology in the world, and the continuous construction of nuclear reactors in China means nuclear firms are rapidly accumulating experience and improving their technology.

He says although the Nuclear AMRC is in the early stages of discussions with Chinese nuclear firms, cooperation could accelerate with the potential joint development of small modular nuclear reactors, with the possibility of new announcements later this year.

"In the last 30 years, the development of next generation nuclear reactors has generally been about economies of scale and enhanced safety, so people believed in the idea of the bigger the better, but this has also made reactors expensive to build.

"But what we have found is that those stations are very expensive, capital costs are so large and construction risks are so great that it is difficult to finance schemes of such size."

As a solution, Tynan says it could be better to build smaller, more affordable reactors, and this has a key advantage of flexibility because regions with little or no electricity grid can also build nuclear reactors with smaller costs.

SMRs are unlikely to be cheaper than the current generation of gigawatt-scale reactors in terms of cost-per-kilowatt - but they do promise a much lower capital cost, reduced construction risk, and a shorter period before they start generating electricity and income, according to Tynan.

SMRs will also be built in factory-controlled conditions, which create more control of the manufacturing process for building the reactor units, significantly reducing manufacturing costs. The British government is currently considering the possibility of pushing forward initiatives on SMRs.

"The UK government is entering a further period of feasibility study for the small modular reactor, which should conclude in spring 2016. There will hopefully be tremendous opportunities for UK and Chinese companies to be involved, should the UK government give the go-ahead for a demonstration SMR in the UK," Tynan says.

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